Reduced-data impedance analysis enables near-real-time diagnosis and control of fuel cells

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are a clean power-generation technology that produces no direct carbon dioxide emissions during operation. Their performance and durability depend strongly on effective water management. Monitoring internal conditions during operation is essential to prevent flooding, in which excess liquid water accumulates within the cell, and membrane dry-out, in which the electrolyte membrane loses moisture.